Increased protein synthesis in the current study, increased ROS detoxification as shown by increased antioxidant defence, and decreased levels of the osmotic stress markers MDA and hydrogen peroxide are just a few examples of how nanoparticles improve stress tolerance in plants by improving water uptake and showing differential abundance of proteins involved in oxidation-reduction. The majority of inorganic contaminants in soils do not degrade chemically or microbiologically and their concentration remains in the soil for a very long time after application. Net photosynthesis, stomata conductance and total chlorophyll contents improved and Cd toxicity was moderated. Can you believe they ate still thriving? The title of this experiment might sound a little scary, but it actually just means that you'll be testing what happens Do Bean Plants Grow Better in Soil or in Water? This overall effect led to the better photosynthetic potential of mung bean plants. The experimental soil was collected from a farmland area near the site of experiment. Yes The mung bean (Vigna radiata) is widely grown in many parts of the world both as a protein-rich legume and to germinate for sprouts. You can't mix water from any of the two-liter bottles, or use the same container to hold water from different bottles without washing it out in between. The change in mass is validated in the tables below., The purpose of this lab was to determine which concentration of Miracle Gro was ideal for the germination of seeds. Spearman correlation matrix was constructed to comprehend the results of the present study and to understand the correlation among the variables in mitigation of Cd stress (Table 6; Fig 6A). This experiment studies how salt affects seed germination. 2 soil Mung bean seeds CONTAINER A Rice/Corn seeds soil CONTAINER B Mungbean seeds TOP VIEW Rice or corn seeds 0000008772 00000 n j8 Kidney, lima, and broad beans must be cooked before eating. In each treatment, 20 g . 0000001747 00000 n The top-third fully formed leaf was used to estimate various gas exchange properties. The last week, For this project we had to experiment to see the effects of blue light on a plants growth. This is determined by measuring the height of the plants every day using a ruler. Does putting soapy water on plants help or hinder plant growth? Leave one bottle untreated (your control), with a pH level of 7. With the aid of signalling pathways that control survival and growth under Cd stress, plants can also adapt to Cd toxicity. This project is a good example of how that occurs. Why is the one kept in the dark white? The students can help participate in every step of the sprouting. (D) . You'll have sprouts ready for your salad in four to six days. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, However, coffee also contains other ingredients like potassium and phosphorous, which are known to enhance plant growth. here. Most of the materials you'll need though, are common household items. Root treatment of 20 mg/L calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) and 2% farmyard manure (FM) reduced the cadmium acquisition from the soil and improved growth in terms of plant height by 27.4% compared to positive control under Cd stress. The growth of mung bean plants in terms of the number of branches and plant height was improved by the application of CaONPs and FM. However, its growth, development, and yield may be restricted or limited by insufficient or unbalanced nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization. {In Pots}, Pros and Cons of Grow Bags | Suitable Size for Plants. I should transfer them to a pot with soil. These experiments provide the student's opportunity to learn by understanding and seeing the results instead of cramming. S Cd: Shoot cadmium contents; R Cd: Root cadmium contents; PH: Plant height; NOB/P: Number of branches per plant; MDA: malondialdehyde contents; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide levels; CAT: Catalase functioning; PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity; AA: Ascorbic acid; TP: Total Tocopherol contents; NOP/P: Number of pods per plant; PW: Pod weight; NS/P: number of seeds per pod; 1000 SW: Thousand seeds weight; TC: Total Chlorophyll contents. The recorded in our experiment seed germination ability for mung bean was 78.25. Prior to start of each treatment; the leaf fresh samples were weighed. These Women's History Month activities for middle school will help your students learn how to celebrate Women's History Women's History Month Gender Wage Gap Mini-Project. The data presented in the Fig 5 shows that yield of mung beans declines under cadmium stress. The adult involved is fully responsible for ensuring that the activities are carried out safely. The Correlation analysis evaluates the statistical relationship between two variables. Two days after planting, my group measured the seed with the greatest rate of growth: 0% exhibited 2.5 cm of growth, 1.25% had 0.9 cm, 2.5% showed 1.2 cm, 3.75% displayed 0.8 cm, and 5% had 0.5cm of growth. It's just pure water. You know that plants need certain things to help them grow. But how do liquids become acidic or basic? No, Is the Subject Area "Leaves" applicable to this article? None of the beans and peas in the cold room had germinated at all in the first week. Learn about the effect of artificial light on plant growth versus natural sunlight and delve into some biology and botany concepts in this science project. here. (Maybe it is just me, but those always get so nasty. Over the course of time, each plant was monitored based on how well and how much it grew. Yes Good beans and legumes for sprouting include lentils, chickpeas, white beans, black beans, mung beans, soybeans and adzuki. 8. How to Grow Jamun Plant at Home? By creating an account you agree to the Hunker. When the wavelength of visible light changes, so does the color seen by the eye. xref In the legends 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L are root treatment doses of calcium oxide nanoparticles. R4Lie(My+-&3t}m(QSk%l With the help of certified and current classroom teachers, TeacherVision creates and vets classroom resources that are accurate, timely, and reflect what teachers need to best support their students. The same treatment improved shoot vitamin C (ascorbic acid) contents by 35% and functioning of antioxidant enzymes catalase and phenyl ammonia lyase by 16% and 51%, respectively and the levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide decreased by 57% and 42%, respectively with the application of 20 mg/L CaONPs and 2% of FM. This work will provide future directions to figure out the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the mitigation of heavy metals in various plants as there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in the amelioration of cadmium toxicity. Plants, particularly crops have been facing many biotic and abiotic stresses in the environment. 0000009719 00000 n Mung beans will not germinate and grow if water salinity exceeds approximately 0.25% The salinity of seawater is approximately 3.5% so the salt tolerance of mung 0000019310 00000 n Isn't a liquid just a liquid? Starting with seven two-liter bottles of distilled water, prepare each bottle so it has a specific pH value. 0000004209 00000 n no coconut oil, 3 drops of coconut oil, 6 drops of coconut oil, 9, drops of coconut oil, 12 drops of coconut oil, Quantity of water: This was controlled using a graduated cylinder to measure the amounts, of water. 0000089169 00000 n The putrescine modulates the growth and biomass of mung bean plants. The yield and production of mung beans have decreased worldwide due to heavy metal accumulation. Now to get some beans x. They each need to have the same amount of light, heat, and so forth. My experimental question was what is the effect of blue light on the height of lentil beans?, Abstract: Light from the Sun is a full spectrum of different wavelengths of light. 0000002411 00000 n The results of the experiment were, mung beans grew faster in soil with caffeine. I introduced caffeine into the soil of some plants and evaluated the effects of caffeine on the experimental plants in comparison to the control plants that were not exposed to caffeine. The 1.25% and 2.5% both grew 2 cm and began sprouting a stalk. Record the average heights in a table, as shown below. Prepare the caffeine solution by dissolving 10g of caffeine tablets in 100ml of water in a beaker. There was a linearly decreasing trend in root and shoot cadmium contents due to FM application and CaONPs. Based on the findings of this experiment, the 150 M Cd stress which inhibited growth and germination of mung bean by 50% was chosen for the current work. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain, Affiliation A standard curve that was created using various AsA standards allowed for the calculation of the AsA concentration in the extracted leaf sample. The combined application of CaONPs and FM effectively increased the plants photosynthetic ability under cadmium stress. wPN,.hBY;4 }C*98DCoC?II"'{LMG]5Y] (ttoI&kK tKQ}. Soil to fill the cups about three-quarters full. It is clear that two factors F1 and F2 contributed 78.94% and 7.76% in defining the variance. Yellow beans are an excellent choice for doing science projects. the third important legumes crop in Indonesia after soybeans and peanuts. It belongs to the family Fabaceae 1 and developed from the tropical to sub-tropical . {With Pictures}. The MDAs contents were evaluated in accordance with Cakmak and Horsts procedure [16]. o[U 5r2@)68]S> Thank you! It's very important that the cups containing the bean seeds are all kept in the same conditions. Caffeine and Heart Rate: What Is the Effect of Caffeine on Heart Rate? On the x-axis, NC represents the negative control group; Cd represents the positive control group; Cd+1% FM represents the group treated with Cd and FM 1% and Cd+2% FM represents the group treated with Cd and FM 2%. About 2% FM and root treatment with 20 mg/L CaONPs proved the best in lowering hydrogen peroxide contents (42.2%) and MDA (64%) accumulation in mung bean plants grown under cadmium stress. xb```b``AX,]$uwh_|?,|pp F FK2E^$0c $A>kXoHi::P!vA\@5@]J Eyr * 08t@VM ;,- MK ^GbC MR\bEBb@ c1 Z@6]{l-X5o1`? We checked the growth of our mung bean seeds a second time and we observed the results: 0% exhibited 15 cm of growth showing signs of growth through its stalk, roots, and leaves. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282531.g006, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282531.t006. Get new FREE Gifts. Disable Ad block to reveal all the links. Membrane stability is crucial to the maintenance of ion channels and nutrient acquisition by plants [33]. Just be sure to always give the seeds in each cup the same amount of water. Any metallic chemical compound that has a relatively high density and is dangerous and toxic even at low concentrations is referred to as a trace metal. Your email address will not be published. These extractions were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min. The goal of this science fair project is to investigate the effect of irradiation on the germination and growth of vegetables, such as the tomato plant. 993 0 obj <> endobj To switch between accounts click on the account below. Application of CaONPs resulted in lowering of hydrogen peroxide contents and MDA accumulation. We can take a transparent zip-lock bag. 1038 0 obj<>stream Higher levels of Cd induce poor nutrient acquisition patterns in mung plants targeting their growth and agronomic performance [4]. Record all calculations in a table. First, put the mung beans in a plastic bag with a paper towel, add ten drops of By: Stella and Eleni water with a dropper. Does Microwave Radiation Affect Seed Growth? 0000002924 00000 n They might be a little above or a little below, but most liquids tend to be closer to neutral than at either end of the pH scale. When the seeds were taken out of the rooms for examination one week later all 25 of the beans that were in the warm room, in both rep one and rep two had germinated. You'll need: If you're going to order supplies from an online provider, be sure to do so ahead of time so you don't get stuck, unable to begin your project. Results of these studies have suggested that CaONPs nanoparticles might be promising candidates for reducing heavy metal stress, drought stress, and biotic stress, and thus CaONPs might be helpful in food security. My hypothesis was that as salt concentration increases then the percent of seed germination eventually decreases. You keep coming up with really inspiring ideas. The students can see the emerging radicle from the seeds. . They are also known as green gram or moong, or maash is widely used in Southeast Asian households. They were developed in 1881 by Thomas Laxton. Acid-loving plants include the following: Other plants, however, such as the ones listed here, prefer alkaline soil: Gardeners often help plants along by making the soil in which they grow either more acidic or more alkaline. The growth of mung bean was evaluated . The amount of water given to the plants in each cup should be the same. Did some of the plants grow quickly at first, only to halt their growth later? Higher concentrations of CaONPs and FM indicate a significant reduction in levels of root and shoot cadmium contents and osmotic stress indicators. There was a negative significant correlation between shoot and root cadmium contents with the height and number of branches of mung bean plants. In the test pots, the seeds were sowed after being surface sterilised (7 seeds per pot). Old Stored Bean Germination Experiment For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click A least significant difference of 2.571 and 0.733 was observed regarding plant height and number of branches among the four major treatment groups as shown in Fig 2C and 2D, respectively. Copyright 2022 Science Sparks - Wild Sparks Enterprises Ltd. Follow these steps to conduct the experiment: 1. Fresh leaves (0.25 g) were taken from each treatment and placed overnight chlorophyll extracted with 80% acetone at 4C. They will be mature and ready to harvest about 100 days after planting. Scarce and sporadic work has been reported on CaONPs application on mung bean plants. Under conditions of heavy metal stress, calcium is a crucial component for plant osmotic adaptation. PAL activity depends on its expression from the several PAL encoding genes in plants. Harvest them when more than half of the seed pods are mature. Seven large-size plastic drinking cups. Some plants prefer acidic conditions. Meanwhile, the data relating to the seed pod production were not statistically significant (t-test p-value = 0.146), meaning competition did not affect the production of, This experiment had the purpose of testing temperature for bean and pea seed germination. According to the information we collected, the amount of concentration with the fastest speed and greatest height of growth was the 0% with plain tap water (control group). In order to analyze the effect of nickel toxicity on seedling growth of mung bean, a pot experiment was conducted in green house of the Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Pakistan, during 29th August . 0000002254 00000 n All 25 of the peas in the cold room, in reps one and two finally germinated in week two. Like pea plants and bean plants, mung bean plants grow relatively tall. 2.1. When there is a reduction in one variable, there will be an increase in the other, and vice versa, in a negative correlation. Ask the students to note which seeds sprout first, second, and third. Little ones will enjoy growing a bean for Jack and the Beanstalk. 3 Mike Murray. Bean in a Jar We kept one bean in the dark and one in the light, both germinated and grew into small bean plants. To explore the effect of caffein on plant growth, I planted, germinated, and grew mung beans. Furthermore, FM is a valuable source of several micronutrients and macronutrients such as NPK which are essential for normal growth and metabolism. Examine whether distilled water, spring water, or regular tap water yield faster plant growth. There are products available, such as Miracid, that boost the acidity of soil. The pot experimental trial was run from April to June 2022. The hypothesis of the present research was that synergistic application of FM and CaONPs might reduce the bioavailability of Cd in mung bean plants and the application of these treatments improves the growth and agronomic traits of mung bean plants. Add the three heights together for each of the three plants in cup #1. Record the average heights in a table, as shown below. Ca is involved in the activation of ion channels in response to environmental stimuli and thus it is a versatile signalling molecule [6]. Prior to sowing seed, prepare the bed. The mixtures were ultrasonicated to achieve uniform dispersions [13]. Another potential reason for the improved behaviour of mung bean plants in terms of plant water relations may be greater translocation of shoot minerals, such as calcium uptake. Calcium nutrient is not only a nutrient rather it is an important signalling molecule. Visualization, After 5 to 7 days, check for germinating seeds. 0000005734 00000 n . It will also attract worms that feed on the grounded coffee and at the same time help to aerate the soil. Soil supplementation with Ca and FM improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and shoot vitamin contents of mung bean plants which is crucial to induction of tolerance against abiotic stress. The improved functioning of these enzymes resulted in better crop performance in terms of growth and yield traits. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Because of the more fertilizer added to a plant the fast plant grew taller and grew more numbers of leafs. Determine the Effect of Gray Water on Plant Growth. The data on physiological attributes such as gas exchange parameters and stomatal conductance was also taken 37 days post germination. He got his start helping friends and clients get their websites off the ground, and he continues to do so today. This science fair project idea researches the effects of acid rain on plant growth. FM application leads to better growth of plants since it stimulates the growth of beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere [32]. S Cd: Shoot cadmium contents; R Cd: Root cadmium contents; PH: Plant height; NOB/P: Number of branches per plant; MDA: malondialdehyde contents; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide level; AA: Ascorbic acid; TP: Total Tocopherol contents; NOP/P: Number of pods per plant; PW: Pod weight; NS/P: number of seeds per pod; 1000 SW: Thousand seeds weight; TC: Total Chlorophyll contents. In this work, the effect of audible sound on germination and growth of mung bean ( Vigna radiate) was studied under laboratory condition. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282531, Editor: Arun Kumar Shanker, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, INDIA, Received: October 27, 2022; Accepted: February 9, 2023; Published: March 2, 2023. By using protocol devised by Arnon [20], the total chlorophyll contents of each experimental trials plants were assayed. The growth, production, yield, and protein bioavailability of mung bean has decreased due to contaminated agricultural soils with accumulation of heavy metals [2]. Or, your science teacher may have extra test strips that you could get for this project. To soak mung beans, the ratio of raw material to water is 1:0.9, the water temperature is 30-40C, and the soaking time is 14-20 h. Truman Perkins is a Detroit-based SEO consultant who's been in the business for over a decade. Present developments in agriculture and industry have increased concentrations of Cd in the croplands. The data for the percentage germination of the two mung bean cultivars at varying salt concen-trations are presented in Table 1. The second week the remaining 7 peas for rep one in the warm room had germinated and the remaining 10 peas from rep two in the warm room had germinated. Add pH Up or pH Down to the other bottles so that one bottle has a pH level of 1, one has a pH level of 3, one has a pH level of 5, one has a pH level of 7, one has a pH level of 9, one has a pH level of 11, one has a pH level of 13. In this experiment, members performed the same experiment with the same measurements. Plant out the seeds that have shown signs of germination the same day, so Read More How Do You Grow Mung Beans Experiment? You've probably seen tulips, daffodils, crocuses, lilies, hyacinths, and other bulbs blooming outside in the spring and Search our growing library of professionally created teacher resources. HMo0 =$)+!vz0R8]`~>}IX(_*,n7+@Z ~ eZFti O} 8>h(n]"I'>XRqD In the cold room for the second week none of the beans had germinated. This reduction in cotyledon mass is due to the redirection of energy to the hypocotyl and stem in etiolation, Measuring the Effect of Density on Growth of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Plants. Germination time is 7 to 14 days. It is so much better than the ziploc bag on the window. These are air, sunlight, space to grow, water and nutrients. We kept one bean in the dark and one in the light, both germinated and grew into small bean plants. Though using a standard curve created with known amounts of tocopherol, the total tocopherol content was determined. Effect of Artificial Light on Plant Growth. Addition of 2% FM and 20 mg/L CaONPs proved the most effective role in decreasing the cadmium acquisition from the soil by the mung bean plants through lowering cadmium acquisition in shoots and roots by 51.4% and 33.9%, respectively as compared to cadmium treated plants receiving 0 mg/L CaONPs and without farmyard manure applicated soil (Table 3; Fig 2A and 2B). Soil is home to a great number and wide range of microorganisms, among them algae, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The initial weight for A was 30.4 grams, the eight for B was 20.4 grams, and C was 31.6 grams. Bookmark this to easily find it later. In etiolation, the hypocotyl and stem begin to elongate due to hormones auxin and brassionosteroid and will continue to do so until the activation of phytochromes (3). Making educational experiences better for everyone. The improved yield traits are due to FM application which leads to better nutrient availability and acquisition culminating in a good yield. Plant three bean seeds into each of the seven large, plastic cups that have been filled about three-quarters of the way with potting soil. Citation: Mazhar MW, Ishtiaq M, Maqbool M, Ajaib M, Hussain I, Hussain T, et al. Conceptualization, Label the 3 pots water, caffeine or coffee. The weight of thousand seeds was also recorded. WHAT DO PLANTS NEED IN ORDER TO SURVIVE? The crops are being imposed drastic decreasing impacts due to facing severe issues which are drastically reducing the yield and quality of the food [25]. This science fair project idea determines if the color of light affects the growth of plants. It takes around 90 days for Pinto beans to grow. Some plants thrive in sunlight, while others like shady conditions. Mark each cup and match one cup with one two-liter bottle of water. Seeds germinate in 4 to 10 days in a pot, which contains the right mix of soil and fertilizer. CaONPs supplementation stimulates better nutrient acquisition patterns in plants and thus overall yield is improved. You also will need a material or two with which you may not be familiar. The problem you'll attempt to solve while doing this science fair project is whether the pH of the water with which plants are sprinkled affects the rate of growth. 8. as the title for your project. Seeds of Vigna radiata cv. There are also some plants that are not affected by the presence of caffeine in the soil. Yes After three weeks of germination the soil near the roots of plants was carefully removed and a single treatment with of varying concentrations of CaONPs 5, 10 and 20 mg/L was supplied in the soil near the root zone after two hours of Cd treatment with irrigation water. Mung beans like fertile, sandy, loam soil with excellent drainage and a pH of 6.2 to 7.2. The radish seeds will not germinate at all in a solution with more than 3 teaspoons of salt in 8 oz. An increase in PAL activities might be due to Cd toxicity-induced cellular damage as an increase in the functioning of these enzymes is a part of the internal defence response by the plants. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282531.g007. The height and number of branches of the mung bean plants were significantly reduced upon imposition of cadmium toxicity. The uptake of nutrients such as Si and Mg is essential to the accumulation of sugars and osmolytes which ultimately improve plant biomass. Half the seeds are placed in a sunny spot while the other containers are covered with cardboard, so no light reaches them. Other names to consider might be: When you've finished with the experiment, you'll know whether bean plants prefer water that is acidic or basic. This research project that entails a laboratory experiment that subjects dormant mung bean seeds to variant germinating conditions where the principal variant factor is the pH factor is considered important as it may disclose important facts about the food crop that may later be used by farmers for improving yields. 0000015785 00000 n All the mentioned parameters were improved significantly upon treatment with CaONPs and FM under cadmium stress. A t-test determined that the data of growth in petite plants were statistically significant (t-test p-value = 0.00452), so competition affected the plants growth. Increased cytosolic contents of Ca+2 is important for the biosynthesis of cell wall precursors. Tub for each condition at each table group (I use cream cheese/deli tubs - they are shallow and stable). Till the soil to remove weeds, large rocks, and clods and amend the soil with a couple of inches of compost worked in. The supernatant obtained was used for measuring absorption pattern at wavelength of 663, 645 and 480 nm by using spectrophotometer (Hitachi-U2001, Tokyo, Japan). Water thoroughly. Water seeds need water for germination to occur. These beneficial microbes release proteins into the soil which are potentially ameliorating in cadmium-stressed soils. In the experiment described below, you'll use distilled water as your control, and water with varying pH levels as your variables. It was hypothesized that the beans and peas that were put in the warm room would germinate fastest. TeacherVisionis part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. This is the reason why the application of Ca reduced Cd acquisition by roots and shoots of mung bean plants [26]. Based on the findings of this experiment, the 150 M Cd stress which inhibited growth and germination of mung bean by 50% was chosen for the current work. You've probably heard of the pH scale, or heard someone talk about the pH factor of a particular material. Additionally, the decomposition of FM in the soil releases organic acids essential to proper growth and homeostasis [14]. The results for the second fast plant were very similar. The yield traits of mung bean plants were recorded in the present experiment. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282531.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282531.t002. Make sure to note the height of each plant within the seven cups-21 plants in all-each time you measure. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Love it. We suggest a set of products called pH Up and pH Down, a brand that's readily available in pet supply stores. We love this activity. The mixture was then given 4 mL of distilled and deionized water which was thoroughly mixed. Another idea is to dissect a plant or try one of our other fun plant science experiments for kids. Spray some water on the bean every few days. The role of Ca in reducing the uptake of Cd and inducing tolerance to Cd stress was investigated by studying antioxidant defence responses, yield, growth and cytosolic non-enzymatic antioxidants of mung bean plants. The experiment comprised two factors viz. How to Attract Parrot to your Garden & Balcony? Allow the seeds to germinate for the first 5 days. Once your seed has germinated and grown a little bit, youll need to transfer it into a pot of soil. 0000088423 00000 n The activity of PAL was estimated following Kim and Hwang [19]. The purpose of this lab was to find if there is a relationship between salt concentration and the percent of seed germination ; also to find at what salt concentration will the mung beans stop germinating. You'll need almost a month from the time you plant the seeds until the time you draw final conclusions about the growth of the plants. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The initials pH stand for percent hydronium ion. The Effects of Temperature and pH on the Germination and Early Growth of Mung Beans J1631 Objectives/Goals My objective was to study how temperature and pH affect the germination and early growth of Mung Beans. Each samples fresh leaf material (0.5 g) was homogenised in 10 mL of a 2:1.6 (v/v) petroleum ether and ethanol solution before being centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 20 min. Thus, the availability of Ca to the Cd polluted soils reduces Cd acquisition. It was in the range of values from 67.3% to 97.5% given by Chiangmai et al. Fresh leaf tissues were homogenized by using an ice-cold mortar and pestle in 100 mM phosphate buffer with 2 mM EDTA. Growing beans in cotton is a fun experiment that you can use to teach kids how plants grow, or that you can use to start seeds for your garden.
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