Based on unproven claims from I Heard You Paint Houses, The Irishman is by no means a work of nonfiction. We`d stop and get ice cream on the way back, at the Jim Dandy Dairy-it was a tradition. They also have six grandchildren together. Wife of Jimmy R. Hoffa Nearly a week had passed since husband and father Jimmy, the feisty, , 2003-01-01 She was born in Cleveland and lived in North Ridgeville from 1969 until she moved to Tappan Lake in 1999. Make sure that the file is a photo. Teamster positions on the issues of the dayfrom pension and retirement security, infrastructure development and worker rights to developing fair trade policiesnow hold sway in Washingtons power corridors., The bio says that James P. Hoffa is the most visible and outspoken critic of government trade policies and anti-worker corporate agendas, Hoffa is recognized as a leader on issues that affect working people.. DETROIT, Sept. 13 (UPI) Josephine Hoffa, the wife of James R. Hoffa, the former teamsters' union leader who has been missing and presumed dead since July 30, 1975, died last night in Grace Hospital. His wife,. Jimmy Hoffa was born in Indiana to a coal miner father who died young, according to Biography.com. Had two children with Josephine Poszywak: Barbara Ann Crancer (born 1938) and James Phillip Hoffa (born May 19, 1941). Jimmy Hoffa, Self: David Brinkley's Journal. Continuing with this request will add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request. ==Growth of the Teamsters== The Teamsters union, founded in 1903, had only 75,000 members in 1933. His term was commuted by President Richard Nixon in 1971 on the condition that he stay out of union activity until 1980, a condition he was not informed of until after he was released. September 1936 - Hoffa marries his wife, Josephine, buys a house in Northwest Detroit and starts a family, a son Jimmy, Jr; He was married to Josephine Poszywak. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); function react(obj,id, value) { Please enter your email and password to sign in. How did josephine poszywak hoffa die; November 18, 2021 daytrotter sessions american aquarium ; The Hoffa Hit Timeline: What Exactly Happened The Day The . Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, an 18-year-old Detroit laundry worker in 1936. . Josephine Hoffa (Poszywak) Birthdate: circa 1918: Birthplace: Unknown: Death: 1980 (57-66) Detroit, Michigan, United States Immediate Family: Wife of Jimmy R . Verify and try again. But in those early years, on weekends, his . Later, Hoffa announces that the records, believed to have been burned, were found in a garbage bin and were sent to investigators in . Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, an 18-year-old Detroit laundry worker of Polish heritage, in Bowling Green, Ohio, on September 24, 1936. 2014-03-23 Portland Hoffa died on December 26, 1990, in Los Angeles, California, USA. An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. But when he . James P. Hoffa, Barbara Ann Crancer: James Riddle Hoffa (born February 14, 1913 - disappeared July 30, 1975, legally dead since 1982 [1]) was an American trade unionist. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Patience In Greek Tattoo, Moving back to Detroit, Sylvia began a relationship with the , 2021-11-19 Josephine Hoffa died on a Friday evening, Sep 12, 1980, at Grace Hospital in Detroit at the age of 62. She was eighteen years old when she met Hoffa She has a polish background with played a huge role in her life. Josephine Poszywak's Husband Went Mission Before She Died They got married in 1936 while working with striking laundry employees. Donald Trump. Oops, we were unable to send the email. Robert "Bobby" Ciaro (died 30 July 1975) was a union organizer for the Teamsters. Had two children with Josephine Poszywak: Barbara Ann Crancer (born 1938) and James Phillip Hoffa (born May 19, 1941). Would love your thoughts, please comment. Family members linked to this person will appear here. If you notice a problem with the translation, please send a message to [emailprotected] and include a link to the page and details about the problem. In 1936, he married Josephine Poszywak. [2], Josephine died 12 Sept 1980 in Detroit, Wayne, Michigan, United States [3], and was buried in White Chapel Memorial Park Cemetery, Troy, Oakland, Michigan, United States.[1]. Anyone can read what you share. Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, an 18-year-old Detroit laundry worker of Polish heritage, in Bowling Green, Ohio, on September 24, 1936. e.preventDefault(); You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. Jame was born on February 14 1913, in Indiana, United States. . View Full Article in Timesmachine , See the article in its original context from. Machus Red Fox Restaurant, Bloomfield Township, MI (kidnap location). Growing up, Peggy had grown close to Hoffa, when he was friends with Sheeran's family. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. Sheeran then left the crime scene but was told that Hoffa's body was cremated. url: url, Country Club House For Sale, Labor Union Leader. 1941. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. It was a case of kill , 1991-06-09 Hoffa, who was a mix of Irish, German and Pennsylvania Dutch, grew up skeptical of organized religion. Jimmy Hoffa was created on Feb 14, 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, USA as Adam Riddle Hoffa. We know that Josephine P Hoffa had been residing in North Ridgeville, Lorain County, Ohio 44039. For the next decade Hoffa was grilled repeatedly by Senate committees and federal prosecutors on various subjects, including misuse of union funds, accepting payoffs, consorting with underworld crime bosses and racketeering. [en] Vital , 2019-12-01 Dec 1, 2019. AKA James Riddle Hoffa. Maiden name: Josephine Poszywak (laundry worker, m. 24-Sep-1936, one daughter, one son) Daughter: Barbara Ann Crancer (b. . Hoffas disappearance is featured in the new Netflix movie by Martin Scorsese, The Irishman. disappearance. James Riddle Hoffa (born February 14, 1913 - disappeared July 30, 1975, declared dead July 30, 1982) was an American labor union leader. Over the years, Crancer has expressed frustration. She is entombed in Michigan. Start a FameChain Add to my FameChain. He was married to Josephine Poszywak from 1936 until his disappearance in 1975. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. Try again later. President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (1957-1971). ''It`s essential to every person. Editor's note: Since July 30, 1975, the law enforcement community on the federal, state and local levels, along with an army of investigative journalists, have attempted to crack open the Jimmy Hoffa murder case. His full name is James Riddle Hoffa. Charles O'Brien, a close associate of the union boss Jimmy Hoffa who spent decades denying that he was involved in Hoffa's disappearance and presumed murder in 1975, died on Thursday at his home in Boca Raton, Fla. At the age of 62, Josephine Poszywak passed away. In the last . Include gps location with grave photos where possible. 1913. At the age of 62, Josephine Poszywak passed away. Papers filed in suburban Oakland County Probate Court estimate her real estate holdings are worth $100,000 and her personal estate some $300,000. To hear her tell it, Jimmy Hoffa`s daughter grew up in the bosom of an all-American family. Jimmy Hoffa was born on February 14, 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, USA as James Riddle Hoffa. She is James Riddle Hoffas wife, also known as Jimmy Hoffa. Hoffa adored his family. Translation on Find a Grave is an ongoing project. Robert "Bobby" Ciaro (died 30 July 1975) was a union organizer for the Teamsters. The cause of her death is still unknown. Photos and Memories (2) Do you know Josephine? ''We watched `Howdy Doody` and `Kukla, Fran and Ollie,` and Uncle Miltie, and the neighbors would come over and marvel. Sheeran then left the crime scene but was told that Hoffa's body was cremated. His mother went to work to support Jimmy and his siblings, they moved to Detroit. He left school at age 14, worked as a stock boy and warehouseman for several years, and began his union-organizing activities in the 1930s. Barbara Ann Crancer (sister) James Phillip Hoffa (born May 19, 1941) is an American labor leader and attorney who was the tenth General President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. The Irishman true story reveals Hoffa was pardoned by President Nixon four years into his 13-year sentence. Wife: Josephine Poszywak (laundry worker, m. 24-Sep-1936, one daughter, one son) Daughter: Barbara Ann . O. n June 16, 1975, when I was 12 years old, my mother, Brenda, married Charles "Chuckie" O'Brien, who a few weeks later would become a leading . DETROIT, Aug. 17 (UPI) Josephine Hoffa, the ailing wife of the missing former Teamsters union leader, James R. Hoffa, collapsed at her home on the 18th day of his disappearance today and was . As you can imagine with Hoffa's sort of power comes a fair share of enemies. Our main focus is to keep you informed and updated with the latest trending issues. And I think a girl should live at home until she marries,'' Crancer says. Josephine was 18 years old when she got married to Jimmy Hoffa. Of course, at this late date nobody has any hope.. He is most remembered for International Brotherhood of . They had two children. Josephine was born 21 Mar 1918 in Rossford, Wood, Ohio, United States. James P. Hoffas biography says that he is married to his wife Virginia for 50 years, with whom he has two sons, David and Geoffrey. Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. 110 views. Jimmy Hoffa had two kids. Jimmy Hoffa was an American labor union leader who served as the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) from 1957 until 1971. She was his best friend. Authorities focused on his activities before and after Hoffas disappearance, his relationship with Tony Giacalone, and his use of and access to Joey Giacalones 1975 Mercury. His son James P. Hoffa has been the leader of the Teamsters . At the time they met, Josephine Poszywak was walking at the picket line outside her place of employment, per sources. Jimmy Hoffa was born on February 14, 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, USA. They had two children together: a son, James P Hoffa, and a daughter, Barbara Ann Crancer. Start a FameChain Add to my FameChain. From an early age, Hoffa was a union activist, and he became an important regional figure with the . The doctors said it was a cancer in her . OBrien has denied driving Hoffa in the car, but Hoffas kids have told UPI they think Chuckies actions that day were suspicious. In 1982, The New York Times reported, James P. Hoffa asked a court to declare his father legally dead. His father was a coal-driller who succumbed to . The cause of her death is still unknown. Both of Hoffas biological children told UPI they think OBriens actions were suspicious. Josephine Poszywak called her son and daughter to tell them that their father had not come home. Dad didn`t have the patience to sit and watch, except for news and documentaries. In this flashback, Michael Franzese opened up about J. Edgar Hoover denying the existence of the mafia and later going after the Black Panthers. Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak in 1936. Josephine was born 21 Mar 1918 in Rossford, Wood, Ohio, United States. Under his leadership, the Teamsters grew . She died five years later at the age of 62, the same age he was when he disappeared. Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, an 18-year-old Detroit laundry worker of Polish heritage, in Bowling Green, Ohio, on September 24, 1936; the couple had met during a non-unionized laundry workers' strike action six months earlier. Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak in 1936. Previous Next. You can always change this later in your Account settings. Based on unproven claims from I Heard You Paint Houses, The Irishman is by no means a work of nonfiction. ''You didn`t want to incur his anger, and you didn`t want to disappoint him.'' It was the model of wholesome, close-knit normalcy, the kind depicted in Norman Rockwell`s paintings, except that the Hoffas didn`t go to church together because Mrs. Hoffa, a Polish Catholic, had married outside her faith. He passed away on July 30, 1975 in Bloomfield Hillsides, Michigan, USA. window.open(url, "_blank"); Jimmy Hoffa had two children. Photos. Managed by: Alice Zoe Marie Knapp: Last Updated: August 10, 2021 She`s been looking for a long time, fighting the government for four years. Latest Headlines Health News // 41 minutes ago Barbara Ann Crancer Family Background & Career . DETROIT, Sept. 13 (UPI) Josephine Hoffa, the wife of James R. Hoffa, the former teamsters' union leader who has been missing and presumed dead since July 30, 1975, died last night in Grace Hospital. Hoffa's wife dies at age 62 Its listed owners were Josephine Poszywak and Alice Johnsonthe wives of Jimmy Hoffa and Teamsters official Bert Brennan. 2019 Present, Member, Executive Board, International Transport Workers Federation Laura Montalbn: How did Ricardo Montalbns daughter die? When they walked into the empty house together, with Frank a step behind Hoffa, he . I`ve never seen a closer relationship between a daughter and her dad. ''I thought he walked on water,'' she says, not entirely joking. Hoffa's Wife in Hospital; Strain and Stress Blamed, https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/18/archives/hoffas-wife-in-hospital-strain-and-stress-blamed.html. She is a retired Missouri judge named Barbara Crancer. More from "Politician" Linda Tripp's Death - Cause and Date. For memorials with more than one photo, additional photos will appear here or on the photos tab. . I thought you might like to see a memorial for Josephine Poszywak Hoffa I found on Findagrave.com. You can see a picture of the siblings together here. Franzese said Hoffa was definitely killed in a mafia-related hit, and that the order came down from New York. sweet potato sushi roll calories. Josephine Hoffa was devastated by her husband`s. Jimmy Hoffa was born on February 14, 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, USA as James Riddle Hoffa. My father taught me to love life and to love nature and love the world, and enjoy every day, to be kind to people and polite. DETROIT -- The late Josephine Hoffa, wife of missing ex-Teamsters President James R. Hoffa, left an estate worth an estimated $400,000 and willed it to her children, court records show. Share Josephine's obituary or write your own to preserve her legacy. He had 2 children Barbara Ann Crancer,James P. Hoffa. GettyJimmy Hoffa (l) and the house where Frank Sheeran said he killed him. Josephine died in the coronary care unit at 7:12 p.m. of "small stroke syndrome," a disease defined as a number of small blockages . Frank picked Hoffa up at the restaurant, accompanied by two others, to supposedly drive Hoffa to a mob meeting. Try again. Josephine and her husband Jimmy Hoffa got married and had children. Especially her home life where she thought of herself as the homebody. 1941) wife of Jimmy Hoffa It amazed the kids,'' she recalls fondly. A jucat un rol important n dezvoltarea acestei confederaii sindicale, care n timpul preediniei sale, a devenit cea mai mare uniune sindical nord-american, ajungnd la peste 1,5 milioane de membri. The bio for James says that Hoffa grew up on picket lines and in union meetings. Jimmy Hoffa was born on February 14, 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, USA. Josephine Hoffa Dead in Detroit; Wife of Missing Teamsters' Chief; Two Children at Bedside, https://www.nytimes.com/1980/09/14/archives/josephine-hoffa-dead-in-detroit-wife-of-missing-teamsters-chief-two.html. She told the newspaper that she still thinks of her dad every single day. As Frank detailed in his book, Peggy really did stop talking to him the day Jimmy Hoffa disappeared. There was an investigation and numerous law enforcement agencies including the FBI were involved in the case. From 1993 until his inauguration as General President in 1999, Hoffa served as Administrative Assistant to the President of Joint Council 43 in Michigan, the bio states. ''I believe in the extended family, and that they should live together if they can get along. She got married to Jimmy Hoffa. Sheeran says that he and Hoffa entered the house alone and that Sheeran then shot Hoffa twice behind the right ear. The Hoffex memo which details the lead FBI case agents feelings on the case in 1976, says that Charles Lenton Joseph OBrien was investigated after Hoffa died by the FBI. Today, hes general president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Josephine (Poszywak) Hoffa has Polish Roots. The newspaper added that she seeking information from the government about her dads disappearance by filing Freedom of Information Act Requests. [1] She was the daughter of Phillip Poszywak and Anna Firlik. how did josephine poszywak hoffa die. On September 24, 1936, he married laundry worker Josephine Poszywak whom he had met six months earlier at a non-unionized strike of laundry workers. In 2001, an article by UPI reported that FBI scientists discovered that a strand of hair in a car he drove the day Hoffa vanished had matched Hoffas DNA. He is the son of Jimmy Hoffa. Driving in the Michigan countryside together, he`d point out plants to her. 2002-12-30 Grave site information of Josephine P. 'Jo' Hoffa (8 Nov 1916 - 30 Dec 2002) at Butternut Ridge Cemetery in North Ridgeville, Lorain, Ohio, United States from BillionGraves . She is the mother of his two kids. Two men saw Jimmy Hoffa, recognized him, and stopped to chat with him briefly and shake his hand. You are unauthorized to view this page. Other Partners Professional Partners. In his FBI interview at the time, OBrien told authorities that he spent the day running errands. U . 110 views. In 1936, he married Josephine Poszywak. Jimmy Hoffa was born on February 14, 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, USA. Obituary. Teamsters President James P. Hoffa (R) attends a protest against Coca-Colas lack of a worldwide worker protection agreement April 17, 2002 in New York City. Hoffa has been elected by direct-members vote five times 1998, 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016. He died on July 30, 1975 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA. From left, Jimmy Hoffa, Hoffa's wife Josephine Poszywak, Jay Sarno, and Joyce Sarno celebrating the opening of Caesars Palace in Las Vegas on Aug. 5, 1966. Many critics have discredited Sheeran's claims in I Heard You Paint Houses. James Riddle Hoffa (born February 14, 1913 - disappeared July 30, 1975, declared dead July 30, 1982) was an American labor union leader. The newspaper said that authorities did find one piece of forensic evidence, Hoffas hair in the car they think Chuckie drove him to the death house. Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty , Josephine P Hoffa (1916-2002) *86 Plot s/n: 36513501.The grave site of Josephine P Hoffa. Josephine is 20 degrees from Jennifer Aniston, 21 degrees from Drew Barrymore, 25 degrees from Candice Bergen, 27 degrees from Alexandre Dumas, 16 degrees from Carrie Fisher, 34 degrees from Whitney Houston, 22 degrees from Hayley Mills, 19 degrees from Liza Minnelli, 20 degrees from Lisa Presley, 24 degrees from Kiefer Sutherland, 20 degrees from Bill Veeck and 25 degrees from Brian Nash on our single family tree. Gender. Josephine died in the coronary care unit at 7:12 p.m. of small stroke syndrome, a disease defined as a number of small blockages that stop the flow of , 2011-03-20 When Frank Sheeran, the mafia contract killer known as 'The Irishman', got the order to assassinate his mentor Jimmy Hoffa, he knew he had no choice. GREAT NEWS! Found more than one record for entered Email, You need to confirm this account before you can sign in. josephine poszywak. herculoids gloop and gleep sounds He claimed he got pink watery fluid from the box on his shirt. The Teamsters website has a detailed biography for Jimmys son, James P. Hoffa. (1974). Of all the "Cast of Characters" listed in the Hoffex Memo, it is O'Brien that is linked to the forensic evidence discovered in a maroon 1975 Mercury Marquis, he happened to be driving on the day Hoffa went missing. Jimmy Hoffa was died in Disappeared on 30 July 1975 from Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan, United . November 2019 Issue. He died on July 30, 1975 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA. Jimmy Hoffa would be a grandfather and great-grandfather today had he lived. It helped shape me as a person. I thought he walked on water, she told The Tribune of her father. They had two children, Barbara Ann Crancer, a judge and legal counsel, and James P. Hoffa, who became president of the . 2021-11-19 Josephine Hoffa died on a Friday evening, Sep 12, 1980, at Grace Hospital in Detroit at the age of 62. At 52, Barbara Crancer-an administrative law judge in St. Louis-is a firm, composed woman, who speaks softly, evenly, tirelessly despite the frustrations she has endured to find out what happened the day her dad disappeared. The FBI interviewed OBrien twice in August 1975. The couple had two children: a daughter, Barbara Ann, and a son, James. In the 1930s Hoffa joined the brotherhood or teamsters he became the president of the union's Detroit chapter, he was ambitious and aggressive. She was interred at White Chapel Memorial Cemetery in Troy, Michigan. They were the parents of at least 1 daughter. (1974). I have created a profile for Josephine Poszywak, (Poszywak-1), the wife of Jimmy Hoffa (Hoffa-1). 2010 Present, USTR Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations ''Sometimes we`d have 15 people there,'' Crancer remembers. Jimmy Hoffa. Sheeran then left the crime scene but was told that Hoffa's body was cremated. She was the daughter of Phillip Poszywak and Anna Firlik . In the 1930s Hoffa joined the brotherhood or teamsters he became the president of the union's Detroit chapter, he was ambitious and aggressive. This is a carousel with slides. carrie hurihanganui husband; pigeon forge fire today 2022; ranch land for sale in south dakota area; which country has the most one direction fans; alberta sheriffs polygraph Powered by. Josephine (Poszywak) Hoffa has German Roots. Dan Moldea, author of the book . Oops, something didn't work. American Activist Jimmy Hoffa was born James Riddle Hoffa on 14th February, 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, USA and passed away on 30th Jul 1975 Machus Red Fox Restaurant, Bloomfield Township, MI (kidnap location) aged 62. His father was a coal miner who died when he was young. Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, an 18-year-old Detroit laundry worker of Polish heritage, at Bowling Green, Ohio on September 24, 1936; the couple had met during a non-unionized laundry workers' strike action six Clipping found in Detroit Free Press in Detroit, Michigan on Sep 13, 1980. He became the Teamsters` top boss in 1957 at the age of 44 and intended to hold the job for life. He died on July 30, 1975 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA. Try 7 Days Free to get access to 837 million+ pages, Search the Largest Online Newspaper Archive. Hoffa was first elected in 1998, and subsequently re-elected in 2001, 2006, 2011 . We have set your language to Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, who he met during a labor strike, in 1936, and they had two children, Barbara Ann Crancer, a judge and legal counsel, and James P. Hoffa, who became president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters in 1999. She was a Detroit laundry worker. Born: 14-Feb-1913 Birthplace: Brazil, IN Died: 30-Jul-1975 Location of death: Bloomfield Township, MI Cause of death: Murder Remains . I've also added his son and daughter and some other extended family members. Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial? He died on July 30, 1975 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA. ''They state they have the crime solved-they just can`t prove it,'' Crancer says. ''He`d always take us to the movies, anything we wanted to see,'' she recalls. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. Crancer had been teaching French and English, but she relinquished that to become a traditional wife and mother, a role she continued until her daughter left for college. They were Married in 1936. Labor Union Leader. He married Josephine Poszywak on 25 September 1936, in Bowling Green, Wood, Ohio, United States. Hoffa, who was a mix of Irish, German and Pennsylvania Dutch, grew up skeptical of organized religion. in organized crime and in 1964 he was convicted of jury tampering, attempted bribery, and fraud. The union, considered one of the most powerful in the US, endorsed Gore for president. Children Together . They`ll be taken advantage of if they don`t know their basic rights. On right is his son James P. Hoffa. He played baseball and football and kickball. When asked in a "Playboy" interview what the most important thing in his life was, Hoffa did not hesitate: "My family. Age. Hoffa's wife, Josephine, died on September 12, 1980. Timeline Birth - 21 Mar 1918 Michigan Marriage - 1936 - Age: 18 years Jimmy Hoffa Death - 12 Sep 1980 - Age: 63 years Stroke Detroit, MI Other Facts Full Name Josephine Poszywak Hoffa Gender Female Add a Fact Sources bruceyrock632 Anyone can contribute Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. Many critics have discredited Sheeran's claims in I Heard You Paint Houses. Crancer`s father was former Teamsters` boss Jimmy Hoffa, who vanished from a suburban Detroit parking lot and presumably was murdered in 1975, as he was attempting a return to power. Jimmy Hoffa was born on February 14, 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, USA as James Riddle Hoffa. He was born in February 1913 in Brazil, Indiana, and died July 1982 in Detroit, Michigan. Maiden name: Josephine Poszywak (laundry worker, m. 24-Sep-1936, one daughter, one son) Daughter: Barbara Ann Crancer (b. ; It's difficult to see josephine hoffa in a sentence . upwork income statement. Since 1975, the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa has been the subject of countless theories.