View 3 excerpts, references results and background, View 2 excerpts, references results and background, International journal of environmental research and public health. Prior to COVID-19, self-efficacy and optimism were the two major psychological resources that predicted university student well-being. Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Similarly, approach coping strategies such as active coping, positive reframing, and acceptance (Carver, 1997) were resilient strategies to handle pandemic stress whereas using emotional support and planning showed weaker but significant roles. https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. You may have returned home, where youre missing friends and finding studying difficult. International journal of mental health nursing. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. The uncertainties arising from COVID-19 have added to anticipatory anxiety regarding the future (Ray, 2019; Witters & Harter, 2020). Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. Specifically, we found coping through self-blame playing a mediating role between PERMA factors and two of the HERO dimensionsresilience and hope. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. 44106-7164, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, COVID-19: Our Body, Our Brains, Our Trauma. Interestingly, after the onset of the pandemic, the predictor role of certain PsyCap dimensions shifted. Your classmates have probably scattered. Point-biserial correlation and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships of demographic variables, PsyCap, and coping strategies with change in PERMA scores. Seligman (2011) proposed a theory of well-being stipulating that well-being was not simply the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2002), but also the presence of five pillars with the acronym of PERMA (Seligman, 2002, 2011). Cronbachs alpha coefficients as a measure of internal consistency of the HERO subscales in the current study were highhope ( = .86), self-efficacy ( = .86), resilience ( = .73), and optimism ( = .83)consistent with the previous studies. J Ment Health. The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. The coping strategy of behavioral disengagement (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 7. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S120S138. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. One of the distinguishing characteristics of PsyCap is its malleability and openness to change and development (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2006). * p < .05, ** p < .01. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. Distanced learning. In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern, and the effects continue to be widespread and ongoing. An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. Further, they have negative associations with stress, burnout, negative health outcomes, and undesirable behaviors at the individual, team, and organizational levels (Avey, Reichard, et al., 2011; Newman et al., 2014). In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). The Brief COPE is a multidimensional inventory used to assess the different ways in which people generally respond to stressful situations. What is the predictive relationship of PsyCap on well-being prior to the onset of COVID-19 and after the onset of COVID-19? The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. Students are dealing with a variety of social-emotional issues during the COVID-19 pandemic from a lack of basic resources in the home, such as food, a deficit in coping skills, or perhaps a lack of internet access. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165. 10.3390/ijerph18010355 Int J Environ Res Public Health. For the present study, reliability scores were high for four pillarspositive emotion ( = .88), relationships ( = .83), meaning ( = .89), accomplishment ( = .82); high for the subscales of negative emotion ( = .73) and physical health ( = .85); and moderate for the pillar of engagement ( = .65). Stress associated with adapting to online learning presented particular challenges for students who did not have adequate internet access in their homes (Hoover, 2020). Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). In general, problem-focused coping strategies, also known as adaptive coping strategies, include planning, active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humor (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among university students. or funding contributions for the development A negative relationship was found between the self-confident approach, seeking social support and the students anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. P = Positive Emotion, B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Occupy your mind with puzzles. Some students coped with the shared trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing their energy inward and using this time for self-care, or WebCoping During Covid-19. Assessing the effects of a personal effectiveness training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self-awareness using self-other agreement. Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. J Med Internet Res. Of the final 609 participants, 73.7% (n = 449) identified as female, 22% (n = 139) identified as male, and 4.3% (n = 26) identified as non-binary. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 Research has demonstrated that this exacerbates existing mental health concerns among university students (Klussman et al., 2020). Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Psychol. Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 279287. Health Psychology Review, 13(2), 137162. Coping Strategies as a Mediator While PsyCap directly relates to well-being and coping strategies relate to well-being, our findings indicated that coping strategies also played a significant mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i2.855, Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 5372. Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). A sudden and far-reaching change in daily functioning caused anxiety, depression, and stress in this group. The coping strategy of behavioral, Fig 6. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Students at a Partial eta squared was reported as the measure of effect size. The impact of COVID-19 on student equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings 19 November 2020 Abstract A holistic approach to education that addresses students learning, social and emotional needs is crucial, especially in times of crisis. Current Psychology, 36(4), 875887. The authors reported no conflict of interest Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. The neurobiology research shows us that relationships and connections are important in mitigating the effects of trauma. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2623. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Students practiced their emerging skills in simulated emergency scenarios. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Point-biserial correlation Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. In this context, positive coping strategies and PsyCap may be increasingly valuable assets for university students to address the psychological challenges associated with this pandemic and to maintain or enhance their well-being. Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014). Thus, there is potential for counselors to develop well-being promotion initiatives for students on university campuses targeting PsyCap and its constituting positive psychological HERO resources with the end goal of strengthening well-being (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2015; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(2). Further, the present findings highlight the importance of examining the relationships between each element of well-being and with each HERO dimension. Stress Health, 31(3), 180188. Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. COVID-19 is challenging us to be creative in being emotionally close but socially distant. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. -, Wirkus , Babicka-Wirkus A, Opora R, Stasiak K. Burnout among Probation Officers in Poland and the Role of Preferred Styles of Coping with Stress. to the adversity. Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Ertosun, . G., Erdil, O., Deniz, N., & Alpkan, L. (2015). Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). Avey, J. To conclude, the present findings contribute to existing literature on PsyCap and well-being, using the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) among university students in the United States in the context of COVID-19. Coping Strategies Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? (2014). Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. Changes in the PERMA Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Finkelstein-Fox, L., & Park, C. L. (2019). Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. Accessibility Penguin. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 1934. Americans stress, worry and anger intensified in 2018. PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. There are many ways to categorize coping responses (e.g., engagement coping and disengagement coping, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, accommodative coping and meaning-focused coping, proactive coping). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. Additionally, data collection methods and sample demographics would likely limit generalizability. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The main coping methods used were watching movies and listening to music (81%), playing sports (80%), praying (75%), rigorously applying social distancing measures These strategies can be harmful and unhealthy with regard to effectively coping with stressors. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Soothing the nervous system, by taking care of the body, can help to bring us back to a healthier place. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing. A single overall flourishing score provides a global indication of well-being, and at the same time, the domain-specific PERMA scores provide meaningful and practical benefits with regard to the possibility of targeted interventions. Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). Assessing college life adjustment of students with disabilities: Application of the PERMA framework. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e20185. Crown. Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, student nurses were faced with lot of challenges at both clinical and teaching and learning environment. Indirect Effect of Psychological Capital on PERMA Factors Through Coping Strategies (Mediators), Note. For example, students had to stay home, adapt to online learning, modify internship placements, and/or reconsider graduation plans and jobs. https://www.chronicle.com/article/distanced-learning, Huckins, J. F., DaSilva, A. W., Wang, W., Hedlund, E., Rogers, C., Nepal, S. K., Wu, J., Obuchi, M., Murphy, E. I., Get up, go to bed and do your work at the same time every day. The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. Fig 2. Both courses trained students to respond to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives incidents. 2021;18(1): 355. Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). The U.S. Nursing education has moved classes online. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227. Journal of Affective Disorders. Mental health priorities: Stigma elimination and community advocacy in college settings. Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. They could also be adapted to provide services online. Medicine, Psychology. Coping with this stress may help you. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. As the students collaborated with one another, they gained greater appreciation for one anothers disciplines and unique skill sets, Johnson-Huff said. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Routledge Academic. If so, please share them using this form. I UI Undergraduate (n = 142), II UII Undergraduate (n = 100), III UIII Undergraduate (n = 104), I GI Graduate (n = 66), II GII Graduate (n = 70), I-III MI-III uniform Masters studies (n = 64), IV-V MIV-V uniform Masters studies (n = 31). Umucu, E., Wu, J.-R., Sanchez, J., Brooks, J. M., Chiu, C.-Y., Tu, W.-M., & Chan, F. (2020). Get enough sleep. With schools around the country closed, students are facing unprecedented change. OH Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles to optimal levels (Madhyastha et al., 2014). 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. National Library of Medicine The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. You might feel unmotivated now. Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017).
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