Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. 2003;80:194210. Bioelectromagnetics. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. J Electromagnet Anal. Neuroscience. Interphone study group. Zhang et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 1996;93:46938. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. 2006;27:16471. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Mol Neurobiol. Google Scholar. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Springer Nature. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. 2009;158:12639. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Cancer Res. Bioelectromagnetics. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Neurol Sci. J Clin Oncol. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. 1994;8:714. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. radiations. Bioelectromagnetics. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. 1984;11:4760. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Qiao et al. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Int J Radiat Biol. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. 2015;56:2618. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. World J Biol Chem. Koch C, Zador A. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. 2009;64:2314. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. 2006;5:389. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. 2003;11:346. J Pharm Sci. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Privacy The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. 2009;63:10106. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Pathophysiology. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Megha et al. 2013;17:711. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. 2000;11:4135. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Gold PE. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. 2004;48:46624. Neurobiol Learn Mem. [42] found similar results. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Xu et al. 2010;28:445. 1992;6:379. Neuroreport. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. statement and Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Radiat Res. 2007;210:63544. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Brain Res. 2004;996:8996. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. CAS With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Vorobyov et al. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Electromagn Biol Med. Sci Total Environ. 2015;140:23646. Qutob et al. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. 2001;12:72931. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Rev Environ Health. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. 2005;438:18592. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. J Mol Neurosci. Int J Radiat Biol. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. 2006;398:2537. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. J Environ Health. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. 2004;155:3743. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. 2007;96:218196. Yale J Biol Med. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Neuroreport. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Fragopoulou et al. Int J Epidemiol. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. J Natl Cancer Inst. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. 2008;86:718. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Cookies policy. Dasdag et al. Biomed Environ Sci. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Mol Cell Biol. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. 2007;28:187380. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. 2004;23:20114. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Clinics. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Radiat Res. Iran J Public Health. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. J Radiat Proc. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al.
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