They all have a notochord sometime during their life cycle. also known as segmented worms, have a closed circulatory system, have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton that must be shed to permit growth. Class Osteichthyes Characteristics & Examples | What is Osteichthyes? Insects, such as the grasshopper in the image, have ________. The first class has the most common, diverse, and most studied members. Chordates have a complete digestive system, which allows them to ingest food and absorb the energy through a chemical process which is then converted into energy for cells inside the body. Which group of animals includes the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry? There are more species of ________ than of any other type of animal. All chordates possess a notochord that is present at some point in their life cycle. Assume that this rate remains constant over time. In contrast to the chordates, other animal phyla are characterized by solid nerve cords that are located either ventrally or laterally. B) completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm. These traits are observed at some point during the development of the organisms. Chordates enter into a wide variety of symbiotic relationships and are especially noteworthy as hosts for parasites. Hot Pockets Logo Font, [26][27] Pikaia, discovered much earlier but from the Mid Cambrian Burgess Shale, is also regarded as a primitive chordate.[28]. Some species only have gill slits during their embryonic stage and some keep them into adulthood. Chordates derive their name from one of their synapomorphies, or derived features indicating their common ancestry.This is the notochord, a semi-flexible rod running along the length of the animal.In those chordates which lack bone, muscles work against the notochord to move the animal. Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This bony and/or cartilaginous cranium surrounds a three-part brain situated in a specialized head appendage with advanced sensory organs. Why are gymnosperms considered to be "naked seed" plants? Generally, that point is during the embryonic stage (developmental). 1 / 47. This phylum gets its name, which in Latin means chord, from the unique notochord characteristic that all organisms in this phylum possess at some point in their life cycle. Which animals have a cylindrical body that is tapered at both ends? (b) How far is the object from the center of the lens? flatworms Almost every element of bird anatomy is modified for what? In organisms that live in aquatic environments, pharyngeal slits allow for the exit of water that enters the mouth during feeding. The larvae look similar to tadpoles. ), hemichordates and chordates are all deuterostomes and share common patterns of development. Phylum Mollusca Characteristics, Types & Examples | What is a Mollusk? Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. They prefer coastal waters of the tropical and temperate areas of the world. If water is a better base than A\mathrm{A}^{-}A, does this mean that HA is a strong or a weak acid? One unique feature is that the notochord and nerve cord, which are found along the entire length of the body, persist throughout life even in the adult phase. There are about 25 species of Cephalochordata. Invertebrate chordates do not. The evolutionary linkage between echinoderms hemichordates and chordates can be found out by the similarity in their characteristics due to the same arisal from the same type of organisms. One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus is called a __________. Which of the following are nematodes? Animals in the phylum Chordata share four key features: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. A) have pseudocoeloms. It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body. An entirely new type that you will get to name, Bryophytes, Seedless Vascular Plants, Gymnosp, VT 101 Lesson 1 - Overview of Veterinary Tech, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Arnold Berk, Chris A Kaiser, Harvey Lodish, USA Swimming: Coaches Advantage Tutorial Quiz. In most terrestrial animals, including mammals and birds, pharyngeal slits are present only during embryonic development. Adult lancelets retain all five key characteristics of chordates: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle . All chordates possess the following anatomical structures at some point in development, except: A. a swim bladder B. a notochord C. a dorsal hollow nerve cord D. pharyngeal gill slits E. a post- anal tail; Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body. In angiosperms, the male gametophyte develops within ________. have a pseudocoelom and are the simplest animals that have a complete digestive tract. 241 lessons. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Mouth and anus are the same opening. Remember that bag-like body? Chordate definition is, the animal which have presence of notochord or backbone in their body structure is known as chordate. Pharyngeal gill slits/pouches 4. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Other modifications, such as an egg that could develop on land, also emancipated the vertebrates from water. All animals except sponges have ____, groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. Imagine that you are a paleontologist. Annelida Characteristics, Habitat & Examples | Annelida Classes, Porifera Characteristics, Examples & Habitat | Sponge Phylum Porifera. A(n) ________ is an example of a chordate that is not a vertebrate. Facts about Chordates tell . So far, it appears that the nearest relative of the craniates are the Cephalochordates. A) Water. Cnidarians are the only animal phylum to display ____ meaning that their bodies can be divided any way through the center point to yield two even halves.All other adult animals display ____ meaning that their bodies can only be sliced lengthwise through the midline to produce two even halves. (a) Is the image to the left or right of the lens? In contrast, the larvae - reminiscent of a small tadpole - possess all five characteristics of chordates. In chordates the main nerve cord is single and lies above the alimentary tract, while in other phyla it is paired and lies below the gut. (1s)2(1s)2(2s)1(2s)1\left(\sigma_{1 s}\right)^{2}\left(\sigma_{1 s}^{*}\right)^{2}\left(\sigma_{2 s}\right)^{1}\left(\sigma_{2 s}^{*}\right)^{1}(1s)2(1s)2(2s)1(2s)1 c. (1s)2(1s)2(2s)2(2s)2(2p)4(2p)1\left(\sigma_{1 s}\right)^{2}\left(\sigma_{1 s}^{*}\right)^{2}\left(\sigma_{2 s}\right)^{2}\left(\sigma_{2 s}^{*}\right)^{2}\left(\pi_{2 p}\right)^{4}\left(\pi_{2 p}^{*}\right)^{1}(1s)2(1s)2(2s)2(2s)2(2p)4(2p)1 d. (1s)2(1s)2(2s)2(2s)2(2p)4(2p)4(2p)1\left(\sigma_{1 s}\right)^{2}\left(\sigma_{1 s}^{*}\right)^{2}\left(\sigma_{2 s}\right)^{2}\left(\sigma_{2 s}^{*}\right)^{2}\left(\pi_{2 p}\right)^{4}\left(\pi_{2 p}^{*}\right)^{4}\left(\sigma_{2 p}^{*}\right)^{1}(1s)2(1s)2(2s)2(2s)2(2p)4(2p)4(2p)1. What phylum does this newly discovered organism belong to? All chordates exhibit these characteristics at some point in their life, usually, these traits are exhibited in their embryonic state. succeed. This is because the Tunicata and the Cephalochordata have soft bodies with no hard parts to be fossilized. All Cnidaria have _____. Animals in the phylum Chordata share four key features that appear at some stage during their development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail (Figure 2). The adult looks like a bag enclosed in a slightly harder covering (the tunic) with two siphons for water to enter and exit. How did the transition from fish to tetrapod occur? Chordates are animals who are vertebrates, or closely related invertebrates, that have the same features at some point in their lives, such as gill slits, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-anal tail. This makes them _____ since they obtain necessary energy and chemical building blocks from the environment. Chordata: More on Morphology. All rights reserved. Usually, the nerve cord runs the length of the body and enlarges at one end to form a brain. Gnathostomata includes jawed fishes and tetrapods, which is a four-footed animal usually referencing any land-dwelling animal except for humans who walk on two feet. 1: Defining characteristics of chordates: In chordates, four common features appear at some point during development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord . (4) Pharyngeal slits. Humans are an example of chordates with bilateral symmetry, a thyroid, and segmentation. What are chordates? The pharynx is part of the digestive system in all chordates and depending on the species it will change to become more specialized. The lineage of chordates is unclear because early chordates most likely had soft-tissue bodies, which made their remains extremely difficult to preserve through fossilized records. Some insects have a life history that is divided into two or three unique stages known as ____________, during which their bodies undergo distinct changes. Hermaphroditism (possessing both male and female reproductive organs) is found in tunicates and some fishes, but otherwise the sexes are separate. 37 Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic of all chordates? Five characteristics of Chordates 1. The eight overall characteristics of the phylum Chordata are pharyngeal pouches and pharyngeal gill slits, one dorsal nerve cord, notochord, postanal tail, digestive system, endostyle or thyroid, segmentation, and bilateral symmetry. An ancestral chordate, as suggested by the adult lancelet and the tadpole larva of tunicates, had a distinct front and hind end, an anterior mouth, a posterior tail above an anus, unpaired fins, and gill slits that opened directly to the exterior. All aquatic chordates use gill slits to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. b. frequency for silver. 4: The lancelet, like all cephalochordates, has a head. 13. a. stinging cells b. notochords c. fivefold symmetry d. zooids e. encrusting forms 22. In angiosperms, what is the function of fruit? As an adult, Tunicata lose their notochord and dorsal nerve cord. Characteristics of Chordata. It is developed within the endostyle. D) They all have an exoskeleton sometime during their life cycle. Characteristics common to all vertebrates include bilateral symmetry, two pairs of jointed appendages, outer covering of protective cellular skin, metamerism, developed coeloms and internal skeletons, developed brains, vertebrae and sensory organs. (A characteristic feature may be present only in the developing embryo and may disappear as the embryo matures into the adult form.) Unique features of vertebrates include the presence of a(n) ________. They are often called lancelets because of the shape of their bodies. A fish that has a bony skeleton and thin, flexible support in its fins is known as a ________, The gas-filled sac found in many fished is called a _____. (3) Post-anal tail. Mouth and anus are separate openings. Chapter 19, Lecture 1 12/4/ The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity. With the invasion of the vertebrates into fresh water and then onto land, there was a shift in means of breathingfrom gills to lungs. Platyhelminthes Overview, Characteristics & Examples | What are Platyhelminthes? There are two main sections of the pharynx in chordates that include the pharyngeal gill slits and the pharyngeal pouches. EXPLANATIONS:- All chorda . Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished. Cephalochordata means head and cord in Greek. Characteristics of Chordata. The atrium of lancelets probably evolved independently. The chordates are named for the notochord, which is a flexible, rod-shaped structure that . The defining characteristics that nearly all chordates share include three main traits. Asexual reproduction takes place in tunicates and in some vertebrates (females of some fish and lizards can reproduce without fertilization). What type of plant have you discovered? post anal tail. Characteristic Features of Phylum . In vertebrates, the notochord is present during embryonic development, at which time it induces the development of the neural tube which serves as a support for the developing embryonic body. After you are done reviewing this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. answer choices. A notochord is a rod-like structure that supports the shape of the animal's body. Evolution and paleontology. Suppose that, while on a forest hike, you notice a blue fungus and a pink plant growing along the hiking trail. Question 5. Ions are O2^{2-}2, F^-, Na+^++, and Mg2+^{2+}2+. They all have a notochord sometime during their life cycle. What name is given to the food-trapping cells of sponges? It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, and provides skeletal support through the length of the body. (a) If you and your neighbor live on opposite sides of a plate boundary at which one plate is moving northward at 5.0cm/yr5.0 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{yr}5.0cm/yr with respect to the other plate, how far apart do your houses move in a century? Corrections? Anatomical terminology . a. benthic life styles b. stinging cells c. pelagic life styles e. clay 21. Chordates are animals that belong to the phylum Chordata. There are three subgroups of chordates which are Subphylum Urochordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata, Subphylum Vertebrata. This phenomenon is seen in schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds of mammals, as well as in the primate associations that suggest the beginnings of human society. The filtered water then collects in the atrium and . The feature that freed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction is _____, A characteristic that is shared by snakes and birds is _____. Two main schools of thought for lineage are possible. Notochord. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Which characteristic is common to all chordates? rat. Nerve cord filled with spinal fluid. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of chordates; Deuterostomes include the phyla Echinodermata and Chordata (which includes the vertebrates) and two smaller phyla. The tail contains skeletal elements and muscles, which provide a source of locomotion in aquatic species. The dorsal hollow nerve cord develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spine. Transcribed image text: QUESTION 8 Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates? A characteristic that is shared by snakes and birds is ________. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Indeed, most of the animals on exhibit at any zoo are chordates. Well, all chordates have the following features at some point in their lives. As the water circulates through this bag body, food is filtered out, and the water is squirted back into the sea. Single, hollow nerve cord beneath dorsal surface; in vertebrates, it differentiates into brain and spinal cord 2. What is a Mammal? Possession of an endostyle and possibly a thyroid is a major trait. C). However, the reason this is unique is that some organisms will lose these defining characteristics once entering adulthood. These characteristics are only present during embryonic development in some chordates. D) completely lined with tissue derived from ectoderm. The pharynx is Greek for throat and provides a passage for carbon dioxide, oxygen, and organic matter taken in for sustenance. Some have the ability to shoot jets of water through siphons when disturbed. exhibit two radial body forms, the polyp and the medusa, and use stinging cells to capture prey. A _____ is an animal that has a backbone in addition to displaying the four features of all chordates, A _____ is an example of an animal that is a chordate but not a vertebrate, An _____ is an animal that lacks a backbone and may or may not have all of the chordate features. Chordates also have a post-anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits. What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns? Salps float through the water column as adults and sea squirts attach to substrates. Annelids, such as leeches, __________, a characteristic shared by all other bilateral animals except flatworms. Which characteristic is common to all chordates? Create your account. See Answer. Some tunicate characteristics include a notochord and nerve cord in the larval stage, which they lose once they have become adults. Due to the lack of jaws, they were originally classified with the lamprey in the Agnatha group. Characteristics of Chordata. Craniata means skull in Greek, which is fitting as they are the only subphylum with skulls developed specifically to hold a brain. Vertebrates are much more complex and, in keeping with their more active manner of obtaining food, highly varied in their ecology and habits. Many scientists maintain that chordates originated sometime earlier than 590 million years ago; that is, they predate the fossil record.Such early representatives were soft-bodied and therefore left a poor fossil record. Invertebrate chordates reproduce typically through sexual means, with some capable of asexual reproduction. So are most of the animals featured on nature programs on television. Q. Which phylum does the organism you unearthed belong to? Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, which means there is a line of . The eight characteristics of the phylum Chordata are: The anatomy of a lamprey. Let's find out what groups make up the Chordata phylum. C) lack a gastrovascular cavity. They all have a notochord sometime during their life cycle. The gill slits, however, ceased to function as feeding structures, and then later as respiratory devices, as the vertebrate structure underwent evolutionary changes. Why are bryophytes considered incompletely liberated from their ancestral aquatic habitat? As the name implies, at some time in the life cycle a chordate . Hollow dorsal nerve cord 2. Some classifications also include the phylum Hemichordata with the chordates. A _____ is an example of an animal that is a chordate but not a vertebrate. Updated on February 19, 2019. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The feeding apparatus in cephalochordates is similar. Updates? Option B is the correct answer. View the full answer. The chordates are named for the notochord, which is a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and in the adult stage of some chordate species. . The focal points of a thin diverging lens are 25.0 cm from the center of the lens. D). Please select which sections you would like to print: Senior Research Fellow, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. First, the Protostomia branch lineage, which is a group of invertebrates that is less likely because the traits they assumed were from common ancestors turned out not to be derived in the same way as chordates. Both are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and have a true body cavity and coelom. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 19 Shared Derived Characters Define the (FIVE) Major Clades of Chordates. Animals in the phylum Chordata share five key chacteristics that appear at some stage during their development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow (tubular) nerve cord, pharyngeal gill arches or slits, a post-anal tail, and an endostyle/thyroid gland (Figure 2). The sea squirt is mostly just a mass of transparent jelly with no brain and no sensory organs, and a polar bear has four legs, fur, and excellent senses of smell, eyesight, and hearing. The animal belonging to all other Phylum of animal kingdom are often termed as non chordates . Of these, the vertebrateslampreys, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fishesare the most familiar and are the group to which humans belong. the . Which of the following is a fungal infection commonly found on the feet of humans? All of these characteristics are observed at some point in chordate development. Typically the dorsal nerve cord develops into the central nervous system. What type of symmetry does a jellyfish exhibit? While on a biological expedition, you discover a new species with the following characteristics: it has an exoskeleton, exhibits bilateral symmetry, and has jointed appendages. A) scales B) jaws C) vertebrae D) dorsal, hollow nerve cord E) four-chambered heart, What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? ______ are the most diverse group of arthropods. An error occurred trying to load this video. Sea stars and sand dollars belong to a group of spiny marine animals called __________. Chordates: Chordates are the species that belong to the Phylum Chordata. Which group of fishes includes a lineage that migrated out of fresh water and adapted to life on land? Consider the equation: HA(aq)+H2OH3O+(aq)+\mathrm{HA}(a q)+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{O}^{+}(a q)+HA(aq)+H2OH3O+(aq)+ A(aq)\mathrm{A}^{-}(a q)A(aq) (2) Dorsal nerve cord. One of the features shared by all chordates is a(n) __________, a flexible rod that runs along the top side of the back. Gametophytes are ________; sporophytes are ________. Which of the following ions has the largest radius? Subphylum Cephalochordata, or amphioxus, are known as lancelets. All vertebrates have a(n) _____, an internal system of bones. The two main ways scientists study links to past lineage are through the study of embryos and through common traits. In other words, the notochord provides a structure for the body to which other systems can attach while the dorsal nerve cord provides information via specialized nerves. Evolution of Invertebrates: Timeline & Features | How Invertebrates Evolved. Water from the mouth enters the pharyngeal slits, which filter out food particles. sea anemone . Vertebrates range in size from tiny fish to the whales, which include the largest animals ever to have existed. 1) List the four characteristics that all chordates have in common (at some point in their development). Triploblastic. Chordates are animals who are vertebrates (having a backbone) or closely related invertebrates (lacking a backbone). John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Living In The Environment: Principles Connections And Solutions Global Environment. Animals from phylum Platyhelminthes to chordates have what type of germ layer. Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates? Bilateral symmetry is when an organism can be divided in half down the middle and both sides will be identical. Cephalochordates develop in the open water, but as adults they lie partially or entirely buried in sand and gravel. four chambered heart. Vertebrate chordates have a backbone. Chordates also possess a dorsal, hollow nerve cord which is different to the notochord. There are 29 species of lancelets that live in aquatic environments. Chordates (Chordata) are a group of animals that includes vertebrates, tunicates, lancelets. The gill slits and some other features that are common among the hemichordates and the chordates originated before the chordates became a separate group. There are two superclasses of vertebrates which are Agnatha, meaning without a jaw, and Gnathostomata, meaning jawed mouth. You are given the task of confirming the categorization of a newly discovered animal that has been tagged as a species of annelid. All invertebrate chordates share four main characteristics: a notochord, a dorsal nerve tube, a post-anal tail, and pharyngeal gill slits. have a water vascular system that functions in locomotion feeding, and gas exchange, are the simplest bilaterian animals and lack a body cavity. Adults are not free-swimming and attach themselves to a hard substrate and encase themselves in a tunic structure. crayfish. Dorsal is a term used in biology to explain that a trait can be found on the back or upper part of the organism. Of those, there are many different orders, families, genera, and species. They use gills, positive pressure breathing and gas exchange through their skin to get oxygen. A feature unique to mammals includes ______. notochord. They all have vertebral columns. perch. Deuterostomes Characteristics & Examples | What is a Deuterostome? They all have an exoskeleton sometime during their life cycle. Four Characteristics of Chordates . As with some of the other traits on this list, mammals aren't the only vertebrates to possess a diaphragm, a muscle in the chest that expands and contracts the lungs. All animals are _____ organisms with cells that are relatively large, complex, and contain membrane-enclosed organelles such as the nucleus. All chordates fall into the domain of Eukarya, kingdom Animalia, and phylum Chordata. Adults who exhibit gill slits through their various life stages are aquatic. Bio 13. https://www.britannica.com/animal/chordate, The Natural History Collections of the University of Edinburgh - Invertebrate Members of the Phylum Chordata, University of Hawaii at Mnoa - Exploring Our Fluid Earth - Phylum Chordata, University of California Museum of Paleontology - Introduction to the Vertebrates. How could they possibly be related? It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body. a notochord, central nervous system, pharyngeal gill-clefts, and a post-anal tail. This muscle helps to push food into the digestive tract or stomach cavity. Plate tectonics. All chordates share the following common features that are unique to the group: The notochord is a stiff but flexible rod of cells and connective tissue (from the Greek root words noto meaning back and chord meaning string) that gives the phylum its name, Chordata.In some chordates the notochord is a major support structure (Fig. As they mature, they lose the ability to swim and anchor themselves to a rock or similar hard surface. Among vertebrates, the unique feature of lampreys and hagfish is the ________. Lesson Review Questions . In some groups, some of these key chacteristics are present . Hagfish have partial skulls but no vertebrae, so they are not vertebrates. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Cephalochordates usually live partially buried in marine sand and gravel. This page titled 29.1A: Characteristics of Chordata is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Boundless. Find the misspelled word in given sentence. In chordates, four common features appear at some point during development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. There are eight defining Chordata characteristics that most chordates possess at some stage in their life cycle. Chelsie has been a private tutor and a peer mentor throughout her ten-year career as an environmental and fisheries biologist. The fungus and the plant have a symbiotic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart. In some chordates, the notochord acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animals lifetime. A) jaws B) post-anal tail C) four-chambered heart D) vertebrae, Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them? . Subphylum Vertebrata or Craniata are known as vertebrates, Vertebrata means backboned in Latin. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Which diagnostic feature is specific to cartilaginous fish? All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the __________. Urochordata, which means "tail chordates," also called tunicates, is a subphylum of Chordates. There are three subphylum's which are Urochordata (Tunicata) or tunicates, Cephalochordata or lancelets, and Vertebrata (Craniata) or vertebrates. In these animals, the pharyngeal slits develop into the jaw and inner ear bones. ______ are the mammalian group that lay eggs. Chordates, including humans, all have four common evolutionary characteristics-a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post-anal tail. Ascidiacea are a great example of tunicates who have free-swimming larvae who become filter-feeding adults. Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants. chordate, any member of the phylum Chordata, which includes the vertebrates (subphylum Vertebrata), the most highly evolved animals, as well as two other subphylathe tunicates (subphylum Tunicata) and cephalochordates (subphylum Cephalochordata). holster for ruger super blackhawk 44 mag with scope, grant robicheaux sister, philip tetlock preacher, prosecutor, politician,