All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel elsewhere. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. From Stein's translation:[3]. Feature Flags: { We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Verse 11. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He subdued several enemies. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Wife of Damodara. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Answer. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. Match words . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. } In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. Nephew of Didda. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. Abstract. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. It does not store any personal data. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Verse 14. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. View Answer It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. His family ruled for many generations. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Answer. Verse 15. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. Nothing is known about his origin. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Translations. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). He was (I.191) the first of his race. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Verse 7. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Request Permissions. Was this answer helpful? Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . all exact any . [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Rajatarangini . It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. An unpopular king, he was killed. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Her son was Chippatajayapida. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Made king by the minister Shura. Verse 12. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Verse 14. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 0 0 Similar questions Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. It is by late Vidwan T.K. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. In 1380 C.E. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. He erected a monument at. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic,
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