23 Feb. 2023 . Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Identification. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. Conflict. Uma, F. K. (1971). Religious Beliefs. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". families living together in hamlets. Malandra, Alfred (1939). Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Politics has been around for millennia. Ocheng, D. O. Behrend, Heike (1991). Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. find its conclusion until the 19th century. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages (1976). The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. The Southern Lwoo language group with the British was through Samuel Baker. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Stream and swamp fishing are important. Location. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. Occasional Paper no. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Identification and Location. comparably flat. Figure 5. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Congo. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the 30. Division of Labor. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. He was defeated in January 1986. 2008. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . connected and intertwined chiefdoms. Political Organization. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Socialization. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! "Acholi During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in and tributes paid to them. thesis, University of Nairobi. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. Apoko, Anna (1967). Webster, J. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. Political Organization. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to p. 41). Orientation Orientation jok ). Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany . The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. It is "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Updates? in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Conflict. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Industrial Arts. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. According to the London: James Currey. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the Identification. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. . The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of named Luo. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. L. No. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. . Okot p'Bitek (1963). Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The Population Geography of Acholi District. London: James Currey. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Identification. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. . The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Organizational Politics. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.
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